THE TRUTH IS ALWAYS ON THE OTHER SIDE

Graphene quantum dots

With anything to do with graphene, graphene oxide and their derivatives, it should be assumed that toxicity has NOT been studied - experiments in synthetic chemical cell lines or in animal studies say absolutely NOTHING about what effects this has on the human organism - and of course everything is always touted to the skies and why, because it is an industry that generates a lot of profit

https://www.researchandmarkets.com/report/graphene#reld0-5211798

https://web.archive.org/web/20240103191124/https://www.researchandmarkets.com/report/graphene#reld0-5211798

- and we now also know that any harmful, chemical-toxic substance can be transported into the organism and into the cells in these quantum dots without the people affected knowing what it is - and we have seen the devastating effects in the last three years.....

Graphene quantum dot (GQD) synthesis: A review of the methods, challenges and future prospects

https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-sljo-j-cjs-files/journals/1/articles/8028/submission/proof/8028-1-28674-1-10-20220928.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20240103161018/https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-sljo-j-cjs-files/journals/1/articles/8028/submission/proof/8028-1-28674-1-10-20220928.pdf

Synthesis of graphene quantum dots and their applications in drug delivery

https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-020-00698-z

https://web.archive.org/web/20240103162138/https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-020-00698-z

(reprinted/reproduced with the permission of Ref. [23], copyright 2017, Nano Today)

Two main approaches were adopted to prepare fluorescent GQDs: the “top-down” splitting route from different carbon sources and “bottom-up” method from small molecules or polymers

(reprinted/reproduced with the permission of Ref. [34], copyright 2016, Scientific Reports)

HR-TEM images of e-GOQDs and h-GQDs. a TEM image of e-GOQDs and b h-GQDs. They both showing the uniform round shape and size distribution of 1 ~ 5 nm. Scale bar 50 nm. c HR TEM image of e-GOQDs and d h-GQDs. Insets are the 2D FFT patterns (left). They both show high quality crystalline hexagonal patterns of these quantum dots. Scale Bar 5 nm. Right side insets show the edge structure of e-GOQDs and h-GQDs. Scale bar 2 nm

(reprinted/reproduced with the permission of Ref. [110], copyright 2016, Talanta)

Schematic illustration of the preparation process for the GQDs

(reprinted/reproduced with the permission of Ref. [116], copyright 2017, Journal of Luminescence)

Formation mechanism of the SLGQDs via a hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 8 h

Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms

https://terrapapers.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Toxicity-of-graphene.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20240103163640/https://terrapapers.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Toxicity-of-graphene.pdf

https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/18303834/20160331_Mokhlespour.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20240103195541/https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/18303834/20160331_Mokhlespour.pdf

1.2 Quantum Dots

Quantum Dots (QDs) are small structures containing a tiny droplet of atoms, usually embedded within a shell material. The typical size of a QD varies from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. Depending on their size and energy level structure, QDs can accommodate from a single electron up to a collection of several hundred of electrons (or holes). There are many different types of QDs. For example, colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals can be dispersed in a solution and can easily be attached to another object. This type of QDs can contain as few as 100 up to 100000 atoms within the QD volume with a size range of about 2 to 10 nanometers. Another group of QDs can be fabricated by confining a small part of a small bandgap material by another material with a higher bandgap, forming a core-shell structure. Other QDs are spontaneously fabricated as monolayer fluctuations of the quantum well thickness. Self-assembled QDs are a very well known and an intensively studied type of semiconductor QDs.

These QDs are formed by a spontaneous nucleation of a semiconductor material on a substrate which is not lattice matched with the QD material. Thanks to continuous advances in epitaxial growth techniques such as Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) [7, 8] and Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE), it is possible to fabricate high quality heterostructures. The semiconductor QD sample we have used in the experimental part of our research contains InAs/GaAs self-assembled QDs grown by the so-called Stranski-Krastanow (SK) growth mode [9], grown by the MBE technique [10, 11]. An Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) image of the uncapped version of our sample is illustrated in Fig.(1.2)(a). The AFM image analysis shows that the QDs have a density of about 1010QDs/cm2 and are randomly distributed on the sample. The InAs\GaAs QDs are not identical and all have different sizes, following a Gaussian size distribution. Fig.(1.2)(b) is a cross-sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (X-STM) image of a single InAs/GaAs QD taken from Ref. [1]. It is obvious that this type of QD has a truncated pyramidal shape with a short height as compared with the QD base. That’s why these QDs are often described by having a disk-like shape. The size, shape and number density of QDs depend on many growth factors like temperature, deposition rate, annealing time, growth interruption time, etc.

In The Name Of Science: Nobel Prize Winning "Quantum Dots" Cause Irreversible Organ Toxicity To Living Organisms